Josh obtained his Doctoral degree in Psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. His graduate work investigated how culture-related life experiences modulate biological brain aging in neural perceptual processing of object, scene, and object-scene binding information in young and older Westerners and East Asians. He did postdoctoral research at the National Institute on Aging, USA, working on age-related effects on the brain and mind using the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). He identified structural and functional neural bases of individual differences in age-related changes in executive processing and initiated ongoing studies on value-based decision-making in older adults. Josh is now the Principal Investigator of the Brain and Mind Laboratory at the Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University. He continues to work on better understanding the human brain and mind, and the effects of biological and experiential factors. His current focus is on how self-organizing systems such as the human brain implements decision-making, its applications for human performance and human aging, and its implications for physical systems.